How Far Kim Is An Indian English Literature Essay

How Far Kim Is An Indian English Literature Essay Kim is a fine artistic creation written by Rudyard Kipling. It has a strong impact on the readers mind that gives a strong sense of spirit for adventurous journey, whereby the two main characters are on the way for searching their respective goals. Kim wants to find his fortune where as Tahsoo Lama wants to discover a certain river of arrow. All the characters in the novel, are part of Great Game. For Mahbub Ali, Hari Babu, Creighton Sahib it means a spy game, a political one i.e. a part of British imperial system. For Tashoo Lama it is a wheel of life, wheel of things in its spiritual and philosophical meanings. For Kim it is a fulfillment of his personal curious desire and nature. Throughout the novel Kim faces a problem of his identity. The problem arises due to his identification with different identities, cultures and ideologies. We are informed that he is a white born orphan who wears some charmings in his neck which are his only heritage to prove him British. His indigenious characteristics place him with Indians. He is brought up in Lahore by a poor half-caste Hindu woman. Our point of study here is to see to what extent he is an Indian? Kipling is determined him to be a white, a British. In the very first page of the novel he says : Though he was burned black as any native; though he spoke the vernacular by preference and his mother tongue in a clipped uncertain sing-song, though he consorted on terms of perfect equality with the small boys of the bazaar; Kim was white a poor white of the very poorest.[Chap.-1] Thus in this way he has denounced absolutely all the cultural and social elements which make a man and give him identity. To prove him British, is to isolate him. The birth and the parents do not create the identity only. It is designed by society and culture, and his interactions in it. Most necessarily Kipling introduces Kim with Indianness, Indian objects, Indian ideas, and thinking. He is grown up in the society of Lahore city. He lives the wild life of Arabian Nights and he is able to see the beauty of it. He discards English style of remaining alienated from commonness. It is his nativity which separates him from his ancestors. Kims society includes Abdullah, Mahbub Ali, the Muslims; Chote Lal, the Hindu; the fakirs; the small boy of bazaar; the native policeman; water carrier; Jawahir Singh the carpenter. He is not different from all these members of Lahore city society. He is looked after by a half-caste Hindu woman who wished that he should wear the European garments but Kim found it easier to slip into Hindu or Mohammedan garb[Chap.-1] In company of his native friends he is at ease. He knows their language and all castes. It is his society in which he grows up learning the very native knowledge of it. Often natives are defined with their characteristics like simplicity, down to earth, knowledge which comes out of every day practical life, curiosity, excitement, innocence. Kim has all these qualities. He is very curious to know about the new things. He behaves in native manner and the wisdom he shows is more Indian. He quotes the proverbs which maintains deep understanding, knowledge and life long experience. If we consider Kim a monolithic character he is less Indian than British. But he is not a universal white man because he hates missionaries, he prefers vernacular and he is always able to attain sympathy from others. He hates going school where the classrooms are gloomy for him. He lives his life among street boys begging for food, which he can surely attain accepting the white society. He wants to live a free life as do the Indians, so he remains away from missionaries or any white person who can take possession over him, in order not to indulge in unadventurous life of routine and seriousness. He is born white Christian and he is well conscious of it but it bothers him to enter again in white society. He entertains his life with Indians without any limitation. He is happy in living with them and treats them equal to him though his nature is to take over anybody is only due to his highly experienced and open-minded out spoken personality. Contrary to it,the Britishers know nothing of India. He has adventures there and every secret activity attracts him. So he is shown always interested in moving in streets in dark, climbing high on the roof of houses to explore somewhat of his interest. The darkness and his colour black both are associated with the Indians by the Britishers in context of India.He knows Indian sensibility because he has lived with them.His alliance with Mahbub Ali started only with his need of food and his curious nature leads him to new experiences. He has nothing to do with Britishers and with their game. He is appears as a secular personality. He says to Mahbub Ali that he is neither Muslim nor he is Hindu even he does not say that he is chrisitan. He may criticize a Lama or a Hindu but he never claims his views about religion. When he is introduced to Catholicism he sees it a new set of Gods and Godlings [Chap.-7].Even the idea of being a Sahib or a White vexes him.He says to Lama-Thou hast said there is neither black nor white.Why plague me with this talk?'[Chap.-15]. He is alien to a British and has framed himself in Indian style. Indianness has ripen in him and if we want too see Britishness in him we can see only reflections of it. He gives the characters but more the readers to feel at home in their native environment. His wisdom is common with the priests in village who take possession of the minds of all villagers. He is confined to India. If he would have another identity or from another place this could not have happened. There would be some connections from outside. He is responding to both Indians as well as English in a way which may suit them but he takes no responsibility of it. Typically he belongs to the class of people in India who had firm faith in appropriateness of British rule over India, whose ideas are inspired by west but actions limited to their own cultural environment The relationship between Lama and Kim is also a typical Indian relation between Guru and Shishya.He is a chela, not a disciple of Lama. Kim insists on his being chela. He says to Lama I am your chela. Am I not?Am I not your chela? Kiplings use of words contextualize him in certain periphery. The symbolicism also suggests the Indianness in Kim. How can a man follow the way or the great game when he is so always pestered by women?, he says. The way or the great game symbolize the sacred path to reach the ultimate truth. The words cannot be taken only for spy game. Kipling says that Kim thought in the vernacular on this occasion.And this is possible only by his relation with Lama and his Indian roots, which made him able to think spiritually. He loves the country. Mahbub asks him And who are thy people friend of all the world? Kim replies This great and beautiful land. The orality of characters and speeches connects the story, the character and even the author to the land upon which it does perform itself. The proverbs must come out from that specific place to which the user belong and its user must have also the wide sense and understanding for using it. It is not a days work and he who knows it and uses is more of that place than other. Kim uses the proverbs and language splendidly. The significant thing is that the proverbs, have their particular tone and sense that they are not found in another languages. They are more Indian than any other things in the novel can be. The colloquial speeches also gives it an Indian colour. Orality and meaning of dialogue both are performative and context bound, and moves away from European styles and influences. These are situated outside the European or English perfiery. It has its own Indian social space. Language which is given to Kim by Kipling is Indian in meaning and context. The language of English priests, Lurgan Sahib and Creighton sahib is different from that of Kim. Kims language is hybridization of English, Hindi and Urdu. There we can clearly see the dominance of pure English over the English mixed with vernacular hence two different levels are created and Kim is attributed lower one i.e. more identified with Indians, specially at that time. The language teaches about ones status and identity. English priests sends him for learning English means that so far he is not an English. He has learned and accepted Indian culture and values. His acception of guru-chela relationship with Lama and his treatment of a sick boy at Banaras are the best example of it. He thinks in Hindi (Hindustani), in the tongue he knows best as the writer says[Chap.6]. It means that primarily he is Hindustani than it does not matter what other language he speaks.His use of Urdu and Hindi language maintains Indianness in him. He is a local legend. If Kim can use aurhoritative language then it does not mean that he is Britisher because it can be practiced by any other Indian also. Being a part of Great Game also does not identify him with Creighton or Lurgam Sahib. If it is the case then what you will say about Hari Babu who is a part of Great Game and speaks English Kim has split consciousness of being both an Indian and a British. His frequent desire for companionship of Lama and the road, his disinterestedness in being a Sahib, and going to school are the strong example of his re-assertion of native cultural identity. His identity can be constructed only in according to his socio-political economic binaries under in which he lived. Kims blackness is first point which separates him from Britishers. Socially he is a part of Indian world. Kim in his early childhood is given to a full grown manliness. Perhaps it will not be wrong to say that he seems to be character of authors imagination, not from the real world. But, what the reality is, that he is offspring of Indian soil. He is moulded in Indian form. He is formed by Indian society and culture not by English. He inherited his body from white parents but it is laid upon circumstances what will happen to his body in future. He enjoys his position well in his society but he is also a person who looks for future. His father had prophesized for his future and he sets himself to go for the search of his future. He is a native hero who is on his mission for making a better life. So he, joins the Madrissah though it is not of his test. There he will be a Sahib but to be a Sahib is not his dream. He thinks that after his schooling he will be more able to play his adventures. Being left by Hari at Rani Sahibas house he feels that he is out of game, the game of adventure. He cant bear it and leaves the house. He knows his birth and in playing games he uses this white racial birth in a political use. It is only a impression on native Indians but he presents himself in his native garbs so to not differentiate with them. His continuous search to find an answer of who is Kim? at last results in humanistic approach that he is only a Kim not a Sahib or a English imperialist one. He is self-centered Indian in his pursuit of joy and adventurous life. Creighton, Burton and Bennett are the part of White world. They cannot part themselves from it. Only after confirmation of Kims white origin they are ready to adopt him. The evidences of this white origin are only his fathers clearance certificate and a note.If Kim had not these proofs he had to remain only an ordinary Indian. Then his colour black, vernacular tongue, his habits, his outward presentation would construct his identity. Thus, language and culture supersedes over race and ethnicity. From Lama he learns myths of Buddha and makes it own objective to search for river. -Oah it was made by our lord Buddha à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. I am his disciple and we must find that riverà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ it is so veree valuable to us.[Chap-5] His joys are the broad land and fields he felt,were a cog-wheel unconnected with any machinery.But I shall argue that he is not an absolute Indian.He knows his British origin but frequently he neglects to be a British.He is conscious of his high birth and goes with Lama only for his own search for red bull. He shows his European egoism, tries to take over everybody. To his native friends, also to Britishers he is a White and superior to all other Indians. Kim hates them Bennett thinks that once a Sahib is always a Sahib; but he avoids Sahibs and Madrissah. To him, for a moment, he may be Sahib but no longer he wants to remain a Sahib. He has crossed all the whites who want war, rule etc. and thinks them fools and wants to see new things. Lama says But no white man knows the land and the customs of the land as thou knowest. Writer seems to make him an Indian without loosing any Whiteness / Britishness in him. There is a White boy by the barracks waiting under a tree who is not a White boyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. He is not like other boys'[Chap-6]. It is the Madrissah where his one identity replaces another. By teaching and learning identities are created. It is Madrissah where a second type of learning starts. Kim says In Madrissah I will learn. In Madrissah I will be a Sahib. In Madrissah for the rest of the day Kim found himself an object of distinguished consideration among a few hundred white men.[Chap-6] Madrissaha becomes the distinguishing point. Mahbub and Creighton Sahib fears that being long in madrissah he can loose his original personality. It is madrissah where the process of making him a Sahib starts. After his discovery of red bull and confrontation with officers he still, is not ready to accept himself a Sahib. He writes to Mahbub Ali By means of charm about my neck. It was established that I was the son of some Sahib in regiment.[Chap-6] A priest gave me a new name and clothed meà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Later he says to himself à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and I am a Sahib. No I am Kim. This is great world and I am only Kim. Who is Kim?[Chap-6] Here Kim seems to establish his identity beyond the Sahib/White world. He knows the world is great. He asserts himself Kim of any place. He is the man of all the world who does not create distances and differences. After all he can not be said as a whole (full) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.Indian nor he can be a English because his parents were Irish and author gives stress upon his Irishness when he says his mother has been Irish too. He is a great synthesis of the East and the West. British and India.He comes out from madrissah in form of British agent. He can no longer remain an Indian. He becomes a hybrid of heterogenigenious elements, Indian and English, high and low. The hybridity and heterogentiy glitters but further it can produce nothing. Kim also leaves us in state of puzzlement. He does not give any idea to whither he moves. He himself can not solve himself that who is Kim? He leaves Rani Sahibas house in meditation. The words struck to his ear I am Kim. I am Kim. But what is Kim? He cant find answer. Kipling also tries for a solution but he fails with his words Roads were meant to be walked upon, houses to be lived in, cattles to be driven fields to be tilled and men and women to be talked.[Chap-15]

Residential Schools Essay -- Canadian Education, Canadian Government

Case Study: Residential Schools Examining the residential school system in Canada between the 1870s and 1996 exposes numerous human rights and civil liberties violations of individuals by the government. This case study involves both de jure discrimination and de facto discrimination experienced by Aboriginals based on their culture. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms specifically protects Aboriginal rights under section 25 and section 15 declares that, â€Å"Every individual is equal before and under the law† (Sharpe & Roach, 2009, p. 307). Human rights and civil liberties of Aboriginal children and parents were ignored and violated by residential schools which were fuelled by government policy, agendas of church organizations, and a public desire to assimilate the native population into Canadian society. Government Policy Assimilating the aboriginal population into Canadian society was seen as the best solution to eliminating the costs associated with this segment of society receiving funds for being wards of the state. Once the process of shaping students into ideal citizens has been completed, they would be granted full citizenship and automatically enfranchises them. The removal treaty rights and tribe affiliation would mean that the federal government is no longer faced with the financial burden associated with caring for these peoples (Akhtar, 2010, p. 113). Since children have the potential to easily adapt to situations, they are perfect candidates for socialization programs which ease them into society. When the policy of aggressive civilization was supported by the Canadian government, public funding became available for the residential school project which involved stripping aboriginal children of their cultur... ...ess to the issue and recognizing the problems with this policy will help prevent further violations of rights and liberties. Conclusion The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is in place to ensure the citizens of Canada are protected from unreasonable violations by the government. When the assimilation policy was adopted there was no way to determine the far reaching effects that it would have on aboriginal children and their families. Over time societal views change and the policies are directly affected so this kind of human rights violation would be less acceptable. Challenging the status quo can bring about change and bring awareness to a topic that was often overlooked. In a nation which prides it’s self on being a multicultural mosaic, residential schools fuelled by policy, religious organizations and the public should be stricken down permanently.

Egypt and Mesopotamia Essay

Egypt and Mesopotamia have both similarities and differences, throughout both of these civilizations from back to 3,500 B.C. The political and social structures in these civilizations were different and the same in their own way. The political differences between Egypt and Mesopotamia included hierarchy power, land control, and centralized government. The similarities between both civilizations are social class, male patriarchy, and kings. Egypt and Mesopotamia both had differences of their political and social structures. Egypt had more of authorial government, where one head person was in charge which in this case was the pharaoh, which was the head on Egypt social class, as well as leader of his society. The Pharaoh was basically a king ruling for his people, while Mesopotamia, had city states, which was controlled by priest kings. Another difference is that in Egypt the Pharaoh had complete control over the land, while in Mesopotamia the kings were not so powerful, and the land was split with others such as priest kings. Lastly, Egypt had a centralized government, while Mesopotamia did not have this. Egypt was ruled under one leader and was together as a unity. Egypt had an overall leader such as the Pharaoh, which helped Egypt stay united as one government and civilization. Key similarities would be that they both had poly gods and many of their gods were very brutal. Both the lands were birthed in war and had much cultural strife for land. Mesopotamia had an all mighty ruler of gods and Egyptians really didn’t. Many people say Ra was the almighty sun god of Egyptian culture but really all of Egypt’s gods were about equal. The idea of what is beautiful and what is considered â€Å"manly† is still held upon Egyptian beliefs, not Mesopotamian beliefs. Very different cultures Egypt developed in relative isolation from the rest of the ancient Near East. Thus, cultural evolution resulted in a totally unique civilization, without influence from the outside. Mesopotamia was a multicultural society, with Sumer and Akkad, Elam and Babylon, Assyria, Mitanni, and others all vying for supremacy. Mesopotamia and Egypt were both in flood basins of major rivers. Mesopotamia was characterized by turmoil and tension and in contrast Egypt was characterized by stability and serenity. The Mesopotamian climate was harsh and since the Tigris and the Euphrates flooded irregularly, nature was not viewed as life enhancing but rather considered to be a threat. Mesopotamia was located on an open plain without protection from foreign intrusions; therefore they  were continually on alert. Differences between the religions is the idea of death and resurrection for all people, including common people, was possible in ancient Egypt, but not generally so in Mesopotamian religions. Early on in Egyptian history, only the king, or pharaoh, could resurrect from the dead and live forever. That is why the Egyptians mummified their dead. Later, even the common man wanted his body to be preserved as a home for the spirit, who would live on in the afterlife. This was not possible for the average Mesopotamian. Egyptian religion was less likely to be influenced by the outside world. Mesopotamia is at the crossroads of many different peoples and cultures. Changes in the Mesopotamian religions was much more likely, and more common, than in Egypt. Egypt and Mesopotamia have both similarities and differences, throughout both of these civilizations from back to 3,500 B.C. The political and social structures in these civilizations were different and the same in their own way. The political differences between Egypt and Mesopotamia included hierarchy power, land control, and centralized government. The similarities between both civilizations are social class, male patriarchy, and kings. Egypt and Mesopotamia both had differences of their political and social structures. Egypt and Mesopotamia believed in polytheistic, but the Mesopotamia they believed in many rulers such as ur-nammu and sargon ant ect but they Egyptians believed in the pharaoh he was the only person in charge over everything.

Macbeth As A Tragic Hero - 893 Words

Lauren Seidewand Andreacchi February 13th 2017 ENG2D1-02 Macbeth as a Tragic Hero A tragic hero can be described as a character obtaining heroic qualities that is, at the same time, destined for their own downfall. Unfortunately, Macbeth is an example of a character that has this title. In Shakespeare’s time during the writing of the play was the reign of King James of England, and the play ‘Macbeth’ reflects on Shakespeare’s own relationship with this king. Someone of great honour, respect and nobility often times is bound to have some sort of flaw to them, and in the case of Macbeth, a tragic flaw that is responsible for the dark pathway to absolute self-destruction and utter madness. In the play†¦show more content†¦It is saying that what the traitor has lost, Macbeth has gained; which is the Thane of Cawdor. This is another representation of how greatly Macbeth was respected by the noble King, so much that he describes him as â€Å"noble Macbeth† and grants him the honorable title of Thane of Cawdor. Through these events, it is apparent that Macbeth acquires a great deal of nobility, honor and social importance, all of which contribute to the concept of the tragic hero. Although Macbeth starts off by obtaining these qualities, it also means that when he falls, he falls from a height of prosperity. What leads to this downward spiral is the second aspect of the tragic hero: the fatal flaw. Secondly, Macbeth is defined as a tragic hero because of his flaw- his uncontrolled ambition. The witches’ prophecies mark the start of this pathway to self-destruction, when he starts having these thoughts of murdering King Duncan. With a taste of power and some ‘help’ from his manipulative, conniving wife, Macbeth is turned from a noble, loyal soldier into a bloodthirsty killer. Stars, hide your fires; Let not light see my black and deep desires. (1.4.52). This quote by Macbeth is said as he is contemplating his first murder – King Duncan. Macbeth has great respect for Duncan, but is so trapped in his weakness that he will stop at nothing to get what he wants. It demonstrates how a lust for power can lead a moral person to do immoral things. This isShow MoreRelatedMacbeth as a Tragic Hero985 Words   |  4 Pages In William shakespeare’s Macbeth,Macbeth is a classic example of a tragic hero in shakesperean work.Macbeth display the major characteristics of a tragic hero throughout the play until his tragic end.The play potrays Macbeth as a lost cause by showing how he fell from being a honest and just man who fought for whats right, to a cruel,superstitious,ambicious dictator.In william shakespreares Macbeth,Macbeth is a tragic hero because he compromises his honor and negates his moral values in orderRead MoreMacbeth As A Tragic Hero1139 Words   |  5 PagesThe Macbeth character in Macbeth by William Shakespeare can be played many ways.  Macbeth s relationship with other characters in the play and Aristotle s theory of a tragedy are ways in which Macbeth is shown as a tragic hero I am going to explain to you how Macbeth is a true tragic hero. At the very beginning of the play,  Macbeth  and Banquo are returning to Scotland from a fierce battle between the Norwegians and the Scottish. They have just won the war for Duncan.   This shows a noble virtueRead MoreMacbeth as a Tragic Hero1513 Words   |  7 PagesMacbeth as a Tragic Hero William Shakespeare s plays have the reputation of being among the greatest in the English language and in Western literature. Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were mainly comedies and histories, genres he raised to the peak of sophistication and artistry by the end of the 16th century. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, and Macbeth, considered some of the finestRead MoreMacbeth as a Tragic Hero1453 Words   |  6 Pagespresents Macbeth as a tragic hero? The 17th century play, ‘Macbeth’ by William Shakespeare, was written during a time when James the first became the first king of both Scotland and England. The characters in the play are also based upon his descendants. The play itself focuses on the character of Macbeth who is manipulated into committing regicide by 3 witches. As the play progresses, both him and his wife begin to lose all sense of morality, resulting with both of their deaths in the end. Macbeth isRead MoreMacbeth as a Tragic Hero846 Words   |  3 Pages The tragic hero has been a major storytelling tool in recent years that makes the audience relate to, respect, and feel sympathy for a character which is undone by the end of the story. But can this title be given to Macbeth, the titular hero of the Shakespeare play by the same name? Yes, absolutely- Shakespeare’s Macbeth follows this plot path in numerous ways. Throughout the play, we are introduced to Macbeth’s belovedness, the crushing of said established belovedness, and his own undoing. Read MoreMacbeth - a Tragic Hero2214 Words   |  9 PagesShakespeares play Macbeth, written in the 1600s is a perfect example of Shakespeares ability to manipulate his audience through creating a tragic hero. A tragic hero who, because of a flaw, tumbles from a well-respected hero to a cowardless murderer. It is through Shakespeares manipulation of figurative language, dramatic conventions and social expectations of the seventeenth century, do the audience witness the demise of this mixed up man. Macbeths persona of the tragic hero is enhanced evenRead MoreMacbeth As A Tragic Hero1685 Words   |  7 Pagesprotagonist who appears to be a â€Å"tragic hero† in the overall play. In other words, this character is one who has made an error in his judgement, providing that this error eventually leads to their own ruin or destruction. Within Macbeth, Macbeth the character is regarded as a tragic hero, but with the distinct and evident explanation of his evil and the succession of his acts of violence, it may not be as clear cut as to whether he is a tragic hero or not. Though Macbeth does commit an error that leadsRead MoreMacbeth As A Tragic Hero2154 Words   |  9 Pages Karen H. Macbeth Show how Macbeth is seen as a tragic hero â€Å"The catastrophe of the tragic hero thus becomes the catastrophe of the fifth-century man; all his furious energy and intellectual daring drive him on to this terrible discovery of his fundamental ignorance - he is not the measure of all commodity but the commodity measured and found wanting.† The words ‘tragic hero’ has undergone a deceptive and detrimental process, it goes from a favorable connotationRead MoreMacbeth As A Tragic Hero2015 Words   |  9 PagesMacbeth Show how Macbeth is seen as a tragic hero â€Å"One of the most tragic things I know about human nature is that all of us tend to put off living. We are all dreaming of some magical rose garden over the horizon-instead of enjoying the roses that are blooming outside our windows today.† The words ‘tragic hero’ has undergone a deceptive and detrimental process, it goes from a favorable connotation to a repulsive connotation. A tragic hero makes â€Å"judgment errors† that are inescapable and it ultimatelyRead MoreMacbeth is a Tragic Hero995 Words   |  4 Pages Macbeth was a true tragic hero. He had many noble qualities as well as several tragic flaws. He was a courageous, brave and good nobleman who was haunted by superstition, moral cowardice and an overwhelming ambition.(Boyce) Macbeth’s ambition to be king starts off as just a desire and progressively as the play goes on it becomes his tragic flaws. Lady Macbeth convinces her husband to murder king Duncan by putting his manhood and courage at stake. Macbeth is represented as a tolerably good man up

The Worlds Most Popular Languages

There are 6,909 languages actively  being spoken in the world today, although only about six percent of them have more than a million speakers each. As globalization becomes more common so does the learning of languages. People in many different countries see the value of learning a foreign language to improve their international business relations. Because of this, the number of people who speak certain languages will continue to rise. There are 10 languages that currently dominate the globe. Heres a list of the 10 most popular languages spoken worldwide, along with the number of countries where the language is established, and the approximate number of primary or first language speakers for that language: Chinese/Mandarin—37 countries, 13 dialects, 1,284 million speakersSpanish—31 countries, 437 millionEnglish—106 countries, 372 millionArabic—57 countries, 19 dialects, 295 millionHindi—5 countries, 260 millionBengali—4 countries, 242 millionPortuguese—13 countries, 219 millionRussian—19 countries, 154 millionJapanese—2 countries, 128 millionLahnda—6 countries, 119 million The Languages of China With more than 1.3 billion people living in China today, it is no surprise that Chinese is the most commonly spoken language. Due to the size of Chinas area and population, the country is able to sustain many unique and interesting languages. When speaking of languages, the term Chinese encompasses at least 15 dialects spoken in the country and elsewhere. Because Mandarin is the most commonly spoken dialect, many people use the word Chinese to refer to it. While roughly 70 percent of the country speaks Mandarin, many other dialects are spoken as well. The languages are mutually intelligible to a varying degree, depending on how close the languages are to one another. The four most popular Chinese dialects are Mandarin (898 million speakers), Wu (also known as Shanghainese dialect, 80 million speakers), Yue (Cantonese, 73 million), and Min Nan (Taiwanese, 48 million). Why Are There So Many Spanish Speakers? While Spanish is not a commonly heard language in most parts of Africa, Asia, and the majority of Europe, that hasnt stopped it from becoming the second most commonly spoken language. The spread of the Spanish  language is rooted in colonization. Between the 15th and 18th centuries, Spain colonized much of South, Central, and large parts of North America as well. Before being incorporated into the United States, places like Texas, California, New Mexico, and Arizona were all part of Mexico, a former Spanish colony. While Spanish is not a common language to hear in most of Asia, it is very common in the Philippines because it too was once a colony of Spain. Like Chinese, there are many dialects of Spanish. The vocabulary between these dialects varies greatly depending on what country one is in. Accents and pronunciation also change between regions. While these dialectical differences can sometimes cause confusion, they do not block cross-communication between speakers. English, a Global Language English too, was a colonial language: British colonial efforts began in the 15th century and lasted until the early 20th century, including places as far flung as North America, India and Pakistan, Africa, and Australia. As with Spains colonial efforts, each country colonized by Great Britain retains some English speakers. After World War II, the United States led the world in both technological and medical innovation. Because of this, it was considered beneficial for students pursuing work in these fields to learn English. As globalization occurred, English became a shared common language. This caused many parents to push their children to study English as a second language in the hopes of better preparing them for the business world. English is also a useful language for travelers to learn because it is spoken in so many parts of the globe. A Global Language Network Since the popularity of social media, the development of a Global Language Network can be mapped using book translations, Twitter, and Wikipedia. These social networks are only available to elites, people with access to both traditional and new media. Statistics of use from these social networks indicate that while English is definitely the central hub in the Global Language Network, other intermediate hubs used by elites to communicate business and science information include German, French, and Spanish. Currently, languages such as Chinese, Arabic, and Hindi are vastly more popular than German or French, and it is likely that those languages will grow in use of traditional and new media. Sources Simons, Gary F., and Charles D. Fennig. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. SIL International 2017. Web. Accessed January 30, 2018Population, Total. World Bank 2017. Web. Accessed January 30, 2018.Ronen, Shahar, et al. Links That Speak: The Global Language Network and Its Association with Global Fame. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111.52 (2014): E5616-22. Print.Tang, Chaoju, and Vincent J. van Heuven. Mutual Intelligibility of Chinese Dialects Experimentally Tested. Lingua 119.5 (2009): 709-32. Print.Ushioda, E. M. A. The Impact of Global English on Motivation to Learn Other Languages: Toward an Ideal Multilingual Self. The Modern Language Journal 101.3 (2017): 469-82. Print.

The Rhino And Elephant Ivory Market - 1792 Words

Abstract As the economic growth in the world continues, Africa continues to lose its self-proclaimed title as the cradle of biodiverse ecosystems which house the mighty African elephant and rhinoceros (otherwise known as the continental herd). Wildlands have been fragmented and forests cleared continuously and at very rapid rates. Rising rates of affluence around the world, especially in Asia has led to the intensity of the black market of the rhino and elephant ivory market which has seen the deterioration of this vast and much needed component of the ecosystem. Many governments within the continent, in conjunction with countless non-profit private institutions have proposed regulated hunting and laws against wildlife poaching. This legislation has seen taxes and fees being generated into these states which have been set as capital for conservation programs which have been both positive and negative. Where positivity has come, the restoration of species has been remarkably recorded, for example the white rhino in Southern Africa In places where these conservation programs are poorly managed, the benefits are much harder to prove, especially in ecosystems where the populations have already been depleted. This paper will ensue a descriptive knowledge of numbers and distribution of the elephant and rhinoceros examining the changes in population. It will also site the methods, including framework for improved forest governance, in which innovative, successful and lastingShow MoreRelatedPoaching Problem1738 Words   |  7 Pagescome up with. Poaching has caused many problems that could lead to catastrophic and irreversible events. Innocent animals are the victims of the ruthless poachers. For animals such as rhinos or elephants, poachers hack off the animals’ horns or tusks with axes. The horns of rhinos are so sought after because â€Å"rhino horns are extremely valuable, commanding prices up to $100,000 per kg† (â€Å"Big Game, Big Money: Inside the Illegal Wildlife Trade† 3:37). The work for an animal’s horn or tusk does not endRead MoreInternational Union For Conservation Of Nature1488 Words   |  6 PagesImagine you are this beautiful elephant peacefully drinking water from the waterhole among other African animals and then you hear gun shots firing everywhere. You are running for your life when suddenly everything becomes pitch black, then you open your eyes and see a man with a gun pointing at your head laughing as you lay dying. The general point is that almost all animals are getti ng to the brink of extinction or are either being tagged as an endangered species by the IUCN Red List. The IUCNRead MorePersuasive Essay On Animal Poaching934 Words   |  4 PagesThink of the last time you saw a tiger rug or an ivory figurine, even on television. This is a cause of illegal behavior that is called poaching. The United States is among the largest consumers of ivory, according to Jani Actman. Even though ivory is at an almost total ban in the United States people are still purchasing these accessories. In the advertisement the creator used transfer method to make the person seeing this advertisement more aware of what is happening, most people dont understandRead MoreWildlife Management in Africa Essay1683 Words   |  7 Pageswell as an international ban on ivory trade. Anti-poaching regulations have in turn stemmed the formation of programs and policies for the management of Africas wildlife. Poaching: Background Poaching, the illegal killing of protected animals, occurs in Africa for a variety of reasons. The most profitable reason is the ivory trade. Hundreds of elephants and Rhinos are slaughtered every year for their ivory tusks, which claim a sizeable profit on the black market. Many hunters also poach forRead MoreNegative Effects Of Poaching1806 Words   |  8 Pagesactivity. At 19 billion dollars per year, some may think of poaching as good business, but there of course is a downside although those who profit will not care so long as they receive their money. Poaching crimes range from the butchering of elephants for their ivory, to the sale of great apes and exotic birds as pets, to caviar, decorative tiger pelts, and rhinoceros horns used for carvings and traditional medicines. Wildlife poaching has negative side-effects that affect local communities, wildlifeRead MoreRhino Poaching And The Exotic Animal Trade1493 Words   |  6 Pagesmake their living by hunting elephants, lions , rhinos, and other exotic animals. Countries in Asia, like Vietnam and China, have been using rhino horn medicinally for generations. Would they be willing to change their entire lifestyle to save the existence of a species? I analyzed an image created by the World Wildlife Fund that addresses rhino poaching and the exotic animal trade. There are two subjects in this image, the rhino and those within the rhino. The rhino is being captured by peopleRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Its Effects On The World1105 Words   |  5 Pagesillegal markets at the expense of other in order to achieve profits. Some have small environmental impact while others affect the world significantly. Some markets that are well documented in media, and are more well known throughout society are drugs, human trafficking, and slavery. These are serious markets that need to be abolished, but have a small impact on the environment. Poachers are people who illegally kill endangered species in order to sell them to the ultra wealthy. This market is complicatedRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Its Effects On The World1103 Words   |  5 Pagesillegal markets at the expense of other in order to achieve profits. Some have small environm ental impact while others affect the world significantly. Some markets that are well documented in media, and are more well known throughout society are drugs, human trafficking, and slavery. These are serious markets that need to be abolished, but have a small impact on the environment. Poachers are people who illegally kill endangered species in order to sell them to the ultra wealthy. This market is complicatedRead MorePoaching of Endangered Species2264 Words   |  10 Pagessuffocates it. Since using these methods they have a success rate on killing the animals, for example elephants in past history the number for them have been rapidly lowering because of poaching. In the 1960’s there were about 30,000 elephants alive and roaming, but in 1982-83 the numbers of elephants went down to about 2,000. The poachers use pitfalls mainly for the larger animals like elephants. People who poach knows the definition of poaching and the history behind it, it’s the people w ho supportRead MoreTaking a Look at Poaching796 Words   |  3 Pagesutilized to make shark blade soup, a delicacy in Asia. Tigers are butchered for their striped hide, elephants are executed for their ivory tusks and rhinos their substantial horn. The groups of the creatures are left to decay. This is an occurrence that happens all over the world, but few governments can deal with the problem in an orderly and efficient manner. Poaching has become a worldwide market and individuals make millions off of hunting these endangered animals. Driven to the boarder of extinction

Current Policies of WHS-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Current Policies of WHS. Answer: WHSMS in brief A work health and safety management (WHSMS) can said to be an organized system in relation to the work health and safety management system in workplaces. Therefore, it is a framework that permits the management to put a complete system of protection in place. The size of an organization will determine how complex the system will be, along with the manner in which it is organized and the nature of the business. A WHSMS requires various things, which includes strategies of communication and consultation, review and control of documents, control of purchasing, a review of work based health and safety systems and also an account of internal and external auditing (Straker et al., 2016). In order to implement a WHSMS effectively, there must be full commitment on the managements part along with the training of the employees in the new policies and procedures. Duty holders in Australian WHS In Australian WHS, a duty holder can be said to be a person, who is like a sports manager, who ensures that the all matters in sports are managed according to the constitution of the club and who becomes answerable to the governing body of the club. Therefore, a duty holder is a person who ensures that health and safety is maintained in a workplace (Fewster, 2015). According to the Work Health and Safety Act, 2001 and the Work Health and Safety Regulations 2011, duty holders are those who have a duty to eliminate all health and safety related risks or to minimize such risks in order to ensure health and safety in workplaces (Claxton, 2017). Under the Australian WHSMS, there are three types of duty holders. They are: PCBUS (Person undertaking a business or undertaking) - A PCBU may be defined as an organization or an individual person, conducting an undertaking or business (Martinov-Bennie et al., 2014). For example, public companies, private companies, government departments and authorities, schools, partners in partnership, sole traders and self-employed, individual trustee of trusts, etc Officers- Officers include senior executives who make or participate in decision making, which affects the business or undertaking either partly or solely. AN officer can be a person defined under section- 9 of the Corporations Act (excluding a partner in partnership), an officer of the Crown and a public authority officer. Workers and other persons at the workplace- Includes all other people in the workplace and also those who are present at the workplace. It is to be mentioned that the WHS Act clearly states that an individual is not a PCBU in cases where they are in an undertaking or a business only as an officer or worker. Individuals include directors belonging to managerial positions and having specific and separate duties as officers. WHS Resources There are certain resources, which are required to be allocated for ensuring that the WHS obligations are met. These resources include financial, human and management support (Grasso, 2016). In cases of additional resources for managing WHS, the senior manager or the executive manager must take necessary steps accordingly. Some of the resources that are required are: WHS toolbox talks- This includes a number of power point presentation, which is used in the staff meetings, etc and acts as the basis of the toolbox talks in order to provide opportunity for refresher training or reinforcement of key areas. Human resources for managing WHS- It must be ensured by the workers that the workers have adequate training and resources for keeping themselves safe and for understanding potential risks and ability to act in accordance with such risks, when identified. Safe posters- These posters usually provide a safety guide in workplace for the workers and include guidelines for safe work. Use of this is also helps in implanting work health and safety in workplaces. Other resources of providing healthy workplace- The various other measures relating to health of the workers are also a source of WHS, which is highly required. Communication/Consultation plan Consultation or communication on health and safety is a process that goes in two ways and it is regarded as the opportunity to add value while making decisions. This process involves talking about issues, listening and raising concerns, role understanding, seeking of information and sharing of views, discussion on such issues, attending meetings and considering everything before decision making. Such communication/ consultation plans are made by the WHS experts (Gunningham Sinclair, 2014). Consultation and communication along with collaboration is a fundamental part of the WHSMS and also a part of each strategic objective with the health and safety strategy. It is not possible to achieve communication, consultation and collaboration effectively with a single strategic objective or project, which is carried out with in that particular objective. It must be done in a way daily business is conducted. For proper implementation of a WHSMS, it is important to communicate information effec tively so that all the potential stakeholders can understand it, which is imperative for the purpose. WHS experts are the duty holders under the WHSMS. They play an important role in communication and consultation. The health and safety measures in a workplace is comm8nicated by these duty holders and similarly all problems must be communicated to them so that they can take necessary measures and implement the WHS legislations and regulations in order to use maintain the work health and safety standards in workplaces (Zhang et al., 2015). The OHS Act, 2004 makes it a legal requirement that effective consultation must be done in regular intervals with the employees in a workplace as engaging the employees will help in improving the health and safety in workplaces. The Workplace Manager, Management OHS Nominee and the HSR are the WHS experts and are responsible for maintaining WHS standards. The Workplace Manager or the OHS Nominee must make consultative arrangements with the Health a nd Safety Representative (HSR) and employees while making or taking any decision regarding The OHS/WHS in workplace. In case of information that is confidential, the management OHS Nominee or and the Workplace manager must take legal help before making any decisions. The HSR, management OHS nominee, workplace manager, all should, in accordance with the WHS/OHS Act, disclose all such information to the employees and consult with them, which is required. They are also required to implement OHS issue resolution process. For such resolution process, the OHS resolution Flowchart is used, which is to be communicated to the employees and prominently displayed in the workplaces (De Cieri et al., 2015). Thus, it is important and a mandate under the WHS standards, to create a communication/consultation plan and use it accordingly, to implement the WHS standards in the workplaces, with the help of the WHS experts. Requirements of WHS in case of participation agreements In order to provide issue resolution to the Naja Group of Colleges, the requirements can be emphasized. It is noteworthy to mention here that in order to resolve issue arising out of various sections, it is necessary that the parties to the issue must be present while resolving the issue (Forsyth, 2014). The issue must be resolved in consultation with the workers who has been affected and the Person Conducting a Business or Undertaking (PCBU). In order to resolve issues, the management of the Naja Group of Colleges has taken various steps in order to ensure health and safety in workplace. The PCBUs has been encouraged by the Work Health and Safety Act 2012(SA) (WHS Act) to involve procedures of issue resolution in order to solve disputes with the workers (Ghahramani, 2016). However, in the absence of agreed procedures, the procedure of issue resolution which is depicted under the Work Health and Safety Regulations 2012 (SA) (WHS Regulations) needs to be followed (?nan, Gl Y?lmaz, 2017). In this regard, it is noteworthy to mention here that, the actual procedure for resolving issues is depicted in Regulation 22. In order to resolve issues, the Naja Group of Colleges acted according to the regulations of WHS and followed the default procedure for the purpose of issue resolution in Regulation 22. In this context, the Naja Group of Colleges in an attempt to resolve the issue arising out of health and safety has undertaken the following matters- The degree of risk involved to the workers and other persons working for the organization. The location and number of such workers including other persons who has been affected by the issue. The permanent and temporary measures that needs to be implemented for the purpose of resolving the issue. The person who will take the responsibility in implementing various measures of resolution. It is important that any individual conducting a business should interact with the workers in order to keep track of the issues faced by them (Johnstone, 2014). Therefore, in the present case the Naja Group of Colleges has acted according to the measures set up by the WHS Act in order to identify various risks and hazards associated with the work carried out by the workers. In this regard, the Naja Group of Colleges has been successful in making decisions for the purpose of eliminating the risks involved in workplace. The management of the Naja Group of Colleges should consult with the present workers and propose various changes so that it benefits the working environment and improves the health and safety conditions of the organization. It is important to provide feedbacks on various outcomes. However, it is important that such feedback must be positive and should be related to workers health and safety. Identifying the inadequacies The legislation of WHS in Australia emphasized on the part that PCBUs must consult with the workers in order to identify the hazardous risks or situations arising out of workplace (Lingard, 2015). Therefore, in case of the Naja Group of Colleges, it is important that the management of the organization should undertake various situations in which risks are likely to be found. The management should identify the working environment of the organization including the past accidents and make sure that such accidents do not occur again. The management should focus on the risks involved while using age old equipments and materials which can be hazardous at times. In this regard, the management should take into consideration the Material Safety Data Sheets in order to determine various safety precautions. In order to identify the inadequacies it is important to take into account the various risk factors that are involved in a workplace (McDermott, Henne Hayes, 2017). In an organization, various risks factors are involved which needs to be identified. Therefore, in the present case study, it is necessary that the management of the Naja Group of Colleges should review the information related to health and safety and such information should be obtained from any authoritative source so that it can be relied upon. However, it is necessary that such information should be relevant to the identified inadequacy. After the identification process, it is important for the management to evaluate the nature of the hazard regarding its seriousness (Mohammadfam et al., 2016). In this regard, the management of Naja Group of Colleges should take into account the various kinds of injuries, damages and illness that could arise as a result of the hazardous incident. It is necessary the that management sh ould also evaluate the number of workers exposed to such incident as well as the possible outcome that could result due to exposure to this kind of hazard. The management is at the duty to evaluate the factors that could actually cause harm and affect the betterment of the workers to a large extent (O'Neill Wolfe, 2014). In this regard, it is noteworthy to mention here that the management should consider the related chain of events which are consistent to the nature of the risk. However, the level of risk may increase the likelihood of harm in the future. The concept of likelihood of harm is involved when there is a situation that is concerned with consequential harm (Schofield, Reeve McCallum, 2014). In this regard, the management is at the authority to determine that in what way and in what conditions the maximum number of workers will be exposed to a hazardous situation keeping in track the duration. Requirements, use and maintenance of records For the purpose of record keeping, the requirements, use and the maintenance of records should be considered. In this regard, it is noteworthy to mention here that the management of Naja Group of Colleges should act in accordance with the details provided by the record keeping requirements as depicted in the Model Work Health and Safety Regulation. The following areas have been covered by the Model Work Health and Safety Regulation- The contaminated levels of Air-borne. Work related to high risk. Confined spaces. Electrical installations and equipment. Presence of hazardous chemicals. Lead and Asbestos. Facilities involving major hazards. According to the provisions of Section 50(2) of the WHS Act, it is important that the management of an organization must record the results associated with air monitoring and such records should be kept for thirty years from the date on which such record has been made (Sutherland, 2015). The management should also keep records of risk management associated with confined spaces according to Section 66(3). However, such record should be in writing. For the purpose of electrical equipments and installations, the record shall be carried out b a competent person with the help of electrical equipment which has been supplied with electricity involving an electrical socket. However, it is important that such testing procedure must be carried out in an environment where the risk of damage is low and the persons carrying on the record is not affected in any way. The management of the Naja Group of Colleges should hire an individual who shall be concerned with the control of plant in order to keep records of inspections, maintenance and other safety measures. The person concerned with the supply of prohibited and hazardous chemical must keep the records which includes the name of the substance as well as the quantity supplied. In this regard, it is noteworthy to mention here that the management of Naja Group of Colleges must hire a person who will be concerned with the task of maintain a asbestos register. The asbestos registered must be prepared by the person of the concerned management and should be kept at a safe place. It is important that the management of every organization should maintain health monitoring reports. Similarly, in case of Naja Group of Colleges, the management should undertake health monitoring reports which are related to a worker carrying out the activities of the business. However, such records should be kept confidential. Importance of monitoring, measuring and assessing the WHSMS For the purpose of monitoring, measuring and evaluating various risks and hazards associated with the workplace, it is important that the management should work according to the principles of OHSMS (Teague et al., 2014). However, two important purposes are associated with the process of monitoring and measuring (Roberts, 2014). Firstly, it is important for the part of the management to assess that whether the OHSMS is working accordingly or not. Secondly, in order to make sure that the safety and health problems have been identified properly, the identification is sent back to the OHSMS planning process with an aim of elimination. The process of identifying and tracking leading indicators are also associated with the process of monitoring, measuring and evaluating. In addition to this other important factors that are associated with the process of monitoring and measuring are inspecting workplace, testing of workplace, exposing assessments, obtaining suggestions regarding safety from employees and evaluating health assessments related to occupation. References: De Cieri, H., Shea, T., Cooper, B., Sheehan, C., Donohue, R. (2015). 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Australian workplace health and safety regulatory approaches to prosecution: Hegemonising compliance.Journal of Industrial Relations,56(5), 709-729. Straker, L., Dunstan, D., Gilson, N., Healy, G. (2016). Sedentary work. Evidence on an emergent work health and safety issue. Sutherland, C. (2015). Industrial legislation in Australia in 2014.Journal of Industrial Relations,57(3), 333-347. Teague, P., Conomos, J., Alexandrou, V., Jennings, M. (2014, October). Development of an occupational noise exposure reduction project for defence in Australia. InINTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings(Vol. 249, No. 6, pp. 1604-1613). Institute of Noise Control Engineering. Winter, B., Moffitt, M. (2017). Corporate law: Absence of adequate risk assessments result in $1 million fine.Governance Directions,69(3), 174. Young, R., Brawn, E. (2017). Employment law: Work health and safety duties and dealing with bullying in the workplace by non-workers.Governance Directions,69(7), 435. Zhang, P. R., Lingard, H., Blismas, N., Wakefield, R., Kleiner, B. (2015). An image-based tool for work health and safety (WHS) risk perception communication. InCIB W099: Safety and Health in Construction(pp. 133-141). CIB.